TY  - CONF
AU  - Kojić, I.
AU  - Šolević Knudsen, T.
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4918
AB  - Figure 1. Representative GC-MS chromatograms showing distribution of all PAHs analyzed in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in street dust samples from a small industrial city Pančevo in Serbia. The samples were collected in different parts of the city and sieved to separate the <250 µm fraction. Aromatic hydrocarbons were isolated by extraction and column chromatography. In these extracts, PAH were analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using total ion current (TIC) and single ion monitoring (SIM) methods. Monitored ions were: m/z = 128 (naphthalene; N), m/z = 152 (acenaphthylene), m/z = 154 (acenaphthene), m/z = 166 (fluorene; F), m/z = 178 (phenanthrene and anthracene; P and A), m/z = 202 (fluoranthene and pyrene; Flu and Py), m/z = 228 (benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene; B[a]A and C), m/z = 252 (benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[j] fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene; B[b]F, B[k] F, B[j]F, B[e]Py and B[a]Py), and m/z = 276 (indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene; In- [1,2,3-cd]Py and B[ghi]Per). All these compounds were quantified (using the reference standard Z-014G PAH mix) and characteristic molecular ratios were calculated. The concentrations of non-methylated (parent) PAH in the street dust samples were found to be in the range from 175 to 2746 ppb. Content of PAHs in street dust samples is not regulated by the Serbian National legislation. However, some of these values are higher than the limit values for soils as set by Serbian National legislation [1]. All samples contain smaller amounts of lower, 2-3 ring, PAH (13 - 347 ppb), in comparison to the higher, 4-5 ring, PAH (175 - 2399 ppb) indicating pyrogenic origin of these compounds in the samples investigated [2]. Low abundance of methylated PAHs, as seen in ratio ΣMP/P (lower than 1 in all samples) indicates pyrogenic origin of these compounds. Similar conclusion can be drawn from Flu/(Flu+Py) ratio which, depending on the sample, indicates source from petroleum or biomass and coal combustion. Furthermore, PAH origin from traffic emissions, for samples collected closer to busy roads, and from biomass and coal combustion, for samples collected within residential areas, is shown by values of B[a]A/(B[a]A+C), B[a]Py/(B[a]Py+B[ghi]Per) and In[1,2,3-cd]Py/(In[1,2,3-cd]Py+B[ghi]Per ratios [3]. It can be concluded that the dominant source of PAHs in the selected street dust samples is combustion of petrol, diesel, biomass and coal which agrees with the results for similar samples in other cities in the world [2, 3].
PB  - Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society
C3  - Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry
T1  - Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Select Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia
SP  - 126
EP  - 126
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4918
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Kojić, I. and Šolević Knudsen, T.",
year = "2021",
abstract = "Figure 1. Representative GC-MS chromatograms showing distribution of all PAHs analyzed in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate the origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in street dust samples from a small industrial city Pančevo in Serbia. The samples were collected in different parts of the city and sieved to separate the <250 µm fraction. Aromatic hydrocarbons were isolated by extraction and column chromatography. In these extracts, PAH were analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using total ion current (TIC) and single ion monitoring (SIM) methods. Monitored ions were: m/z = 128 (naphthalene; N), m/z = 152 (acenaphthylene), m/z = 154 (acenaphthene), m/z = 166 (fluorene; F), m/z = 178 (phenanthrene and anthracene; P and A), m/z = 202 (fluoranthene and pyrene; Flu and Py), m/z = 228 (benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene; B[a]A and C), m/z = 252 (benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[j] fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene; B[b]F, B[k] F, B[j]F, B[e]Py and B[a]Py), and m/z = 276 (indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene; In- [1,2,3-cd]Py and B[ghi]Per). All these compounds were quantified (using the reference standard Z-014G PAH mix) and characteristic molecular ratios were calculated. The concentrations of non-methylated (parent) PAH in the street dust samples were found to be in the range from 175 to 2746 ppb. Content of PAHs in street dust samples is not regulated by the Serbian National legislation. However, some of these values are higher than the limit values for soils as set by Serbian National legislation [1]. All samples contain smaller amounts of lower, 2-3 ring, PAH (13 - 347 ppb), in comparison to the higher, 4-5 ring, PAH (175 - 2399 ppb) indicating pyrogenic origin of these compounds in the samples investigated [2]. Low abundance of methylated PAHs, as seen in ratio ΣMP/P (lower than 1 in all samples) indicates pyrogenic origin of these compounds. Similar conclusion can be drawn from Flu/(Flu+Py) ratio which, depending on the sample, indicates source from petroleum or biomass and coal combustion. Furthermore, PAH origin from traffic emissions, for samples collected closer to busy roads, and from biomass and coal combustion, for samples collected within residential areas, is shown by values of B[a]A/(B[a]A+C), B[a]Py/(B[a]Py+B[ghi]Per) and In[1,2,3-cd]Py/(In[1,2,3-cd]Py+B[ghi]Per ratios [3]. It can be concluded that the dominant source of PAHs in the selected street dust samples is combustion of petrol, diesel, biomass and coal which agrees with the results for similar samples in other cities in the world [2, 3].",
publisher = "Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society",
journal = "Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry",
title = "Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Select Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia",
pages = "126-126",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4918"
}

Kojić, I.,& Šolević Knudsen, T.. (2021). Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Select Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia. in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry
Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society., 126-126.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4918

Kojić I, Šolević Knudsen T. Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Select Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia. in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry. 2021;:126-126.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4918 .

Kojić, I., Šolević Knudsen, T., "Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Select Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia" in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry (2021):126-126,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4918 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Kojić, I.
AU  - Šolević Knudsen, T.
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4917
AB  - The aim of this study was analysis of the origin of the aliphatic compounds in selected street dust samples. The samples were collected in the city of Pančevo, Serbia, within residential areas in close vicinity to heavy traffic roads. In order to determine if there was a significant difference in composition of aliphatic fraction depending on particle size, the samples were sieved and separated in three fractions, 500–250 µm, 250–63 µm and <63 µm. The samples were extracted, and the extracts were separated to aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions by column chromatography. The aliphatic fractions were further analysed by GC/MS. n-alkanes were identified using mass ion m/z 71, hopanes m/z 191 and steranes m/z 217 [1]. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons in the street dust samples were in the range from 34.5 to 280.0 µg/g. It is generally accepted that total hydrocarbons content higher than 50 µg per 1g of sediment can be considered as a potential anthropogenic pollution [2]. According to these results, presence of organic pollutants in almost all samples can be presumed. Concentrations lower than 50 µg/g were observed in coarser fractions (500-250 µm). Higher concentrations of total hydrocarbons were observed in the finest fraction (< 63 µm). With only few exceptions, concentration of total hydrocarbons increases with decrease of grain size of samples indicating greater affinity of these compounds for the smallest particles. In all samples analysed, the most abundant compounds were n-alkanes, followed by n-alk-1-enes, regular isoprenoids and hopanes. No significant compositional changes were observed in different size fractions of the samples. n-Alkane distribution in all samples is bimodal, with n-alkane maximum at C20 in the range C13-C23, and with maximum at odd number n-alkanes in the range C24– C34. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) [2] for the whole range of n-alkanes (CPI C13-C33) is in the range of 1.07 – 2.40, CPI C13-C20 is close to 1, and CPI C25-C34 is in the range from 1.0 to 3.9. These results and distribution of n-alkanes in the chromatograms (Figure 1) indicate that the investigated n-alkanes in the C13-C23 range originate from a mature organic matter source while those in the C24–C34 range originate from the native terrestrial organic matter. Definite proof that the aliphatic fractions of the street dust samples contain petroleum pollutant can be seen by distributions of hopanes, steranes and diasteranes, which have typical distributions found in crude oils. It can be concluded that the aliphatic compounds in the street dust samples investigated in this study are mixtures of a natural terrestrial source (indicated by presence of even alk-1-enes and odd higher n-alkanes) and a petroleum pollutant (indicated by CPI values and presence of typical crude oil biomarkers)
PB  - Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society
C3  - Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry
T1  - Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Aliphatic Compounds in Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia
SP  - 125
EP  - 125
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4917
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Kojić, I. and Šolević Knudsen, T.",
year = "2021",
abstract = "The aim of this study was analysis of the origin of the aliphatic compounds in selected street dust samples. The samples were collected in the city of Pančevo, Serbia, within residential areas in close vicinity to heavy traffic roads. In order to determine if there was a significant difference in composition of aliphatic fraction depending on particle size, the samples were sieved and separated in three fractions, 500–250 µm, 250–63 µm and <63 µm. The samples were extracted, and the extracts were separated to aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions by column chromatography. The aliphatic fractions were further analysed by GC/MS. n-alkanes were identified using mass ion m/z 71, hopanes m/z 191 and steranes m/z 217 [1]. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons in the street dust samples were in the range from 34.5 to 280.0 µg/g. It is generally accepted that total hydrocarbons content higher than 50 µg per 1g of sediment can be considered as a potential anthropogenic pollution [2]. According to these results, presence of organic pollutants in almost all samples can be presumed. Concentrations lower than 50 µg/g were observed in coarser fractions (500-250 µm). Higher concentrations of total hydrocarbons were observed in the finest fraction (< 63 µm). With only few exceptions, concentration of total hydrocarbons increases with decrease of grain size of samples indicating greater affinity of these compounds for the smallest particles. In all samples analysed, the most abundant compounds were n-alkanes, followed by n-alk-1-enes, regular isoprenoids and hopanes. No significant compositional changes were observed in different size fractions of the samples. n-Alkane distribution in all samples is bimodal, with n-alkane maximum at C20 in the range C13-C23, and with maximum at odd number n-alkanes in the range C24– C34. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) [2] for the whole range of n-alkanes (CPI C13-C33) is in the range of 1.07 – 2.40, CPI C13-C20 is close to 1, and CPI C25-C34 is in the range from 1.0 to 3.9. These results and distribution of n-alkanes in the chromatograms (Figure 1) indicate that the investigated n-alkanes in the C13-C23 range originate from a mature organic matter source while those in the C24–C34 range originate from the native terrestrial organic matter. Definite proof that the aliphatic fractions of the street dust samples contain petroleum pollutant can be seen by distributions of hopanes, steranes and diasteranes, which have typical distributions found in crude oils. It can be concluded that the aliphatic compounds in the street dust samples investigated in this study are mixtures of a natural terrestrial source (indicated by presence of even alk-1-enes and odd higher n-alkanes) and a petroleum pollutant (indicated by CPI values and presence of typical crude oil biomarkers)",
publisher = "Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society",
journal = "Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry",
title = "Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Aliphatic Compounds in Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia",
pages = "125-125",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4917"
}

Kojić, I.,& Šolević Knudsen, T.. (2021). Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Aliphatic Compounds in Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia. in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry
Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society., 125-125.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4917

Kojić I, Šolević Knudsen T. Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Aliphatic Compounds in Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia. in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry. 2021;:125-125.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4917 .

Kojić, I., Šolević Knudsen, T., "Preliminary Investigation of Origin of Aliphatic Compounds in Street Dust Samples, Pančevo, Serbia" in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry (2021):125-125,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4917 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Šolević Knudsen, T.
AU  - Ilić, M.
AU  - Došen, O.
AU  - Milić, Jelena
AU  - Avdalović, J.
AU  - Dević, G.
AU  - Radić, N.
PY  - 2021
UR  - http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4925
AB  - Introduction and study objectives: Lindane is a generic name for γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, one of the isomers from the group of Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) [1]. Due to its neurotoxic activity, it had a very wide application, from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes. As a result of its lipophility, lindane can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. The reason of his neurotoxicity is that it can interact with GABAA receptors and obstruct GABA neurotransmitter signaling in nervous system. People who have been exposed to lindane for a long time can experience serious health problems, such as: poor liver function, cardiac arrhythmias, and irregular menstruation. Due to its adverse health effect, lindane is classified as a “pregnancy category C” chemical [2]. It is also one of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that were listed under the Annex A (elimination) of the Stockholm Convention with a specific exemption for use as a human health pharmaceutical [3]. The aim of this paper was the assessment of the immobilized titanium dioxide photocalytic properties in lindane degradation. Methodology: Spray pyrolysis method was used for a synthesis of thin titanium oxide films on the foils of the stainless steel [4]. The lindane solution was incubated with TiO2 and exposed to UV/VIS light. Aliquots were taken from the reaction mixture after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours. Lindane was extracted according to the EPA method 505 [5], and analyzed using an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (GC) connected to an electron capture detector (ECD). The GC was equipped with a Thermo Scientific™ TraceGOLD™ TG-5MT capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm). The temperature program used for gas chromatography was: Initial heating temperature: 50 °C for 3 minutes, then heating at a rate of 30 °C/min to 210 °C for 20 minutes. Hydrogen with a flow rate of 60 mL/min was used as the carrier gas. Results and conclusions: Photoactivity of immobilized titanium dioxide in the degradation of lindane was measured as a percentage of lindane’s degradation compared to its initial concentration. The obtained results demonstrated that after two hours 45.32 % of lindane was degraded, while after twelve hours the percentage of degradation increased to 98.20 %. In this study we proved that the immobilized titanium dioxide can be used as a productive and fast photocatalyst for lindane photodegradation.
PB  - Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society
C3  - Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry
T1  - Photoactivity of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) in Lindane Degradation
SP  - 152
EP  - 152
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4925
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Šolević Knudsen, T. and Ilić, M. and Došen, O. and Milić, Jelena and Avdalović, J. and Dević, G. and Radić, N.",
year = "2021",
abstract = "Introduction and study objectives: Lindane is a generic name for γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, one of the isomers from the group of Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) [1]. Due to its neurotoxic activity, it had a very wide application, from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes. As a result of its lipophility, lindane can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier. The reason of his neurotoxicity is that it can interact with GABAA receptors and obstruct GABA neurotransmitter signaling in nervous system. People who have been exposed to lindane for a long time can experience serious health problems, such as: poor liver function, cardiac arrhythmias, and irregular menstruation. Due to its adverse health effect, lindane is classified as a “pregnancy category C” chemical [2]. It is also one of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that were listed under the Annex A (elimination) of the Stockholm Convention with a specific exemption for use as a human health pharmaceutical [3]. The aim of this paper was the assessment of the immobilized titanium dioxide photocalytic properties in lindane degradation. Methodology: Spray pyrolysis method was used for a synthesis of thin titanium oxide films on the foils of the stainless steel [4]. The lindane solution was incubated with TiO2 and exposed to UV/VIS light. Aliquots were taken from the reaction mixture after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours. Lindane was extracted according to the EPA method 505 [5], and analyzed using an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (GC) connected to an electron capture detector (ECD). The GC was equipped with a Thermo Scientific™ TraceGOLD™ TG-5MT capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm). The temperature program used for gas chromatography was: Initial heating temperature: 50 °C for 3 minutes, then heating at a rate of 30 °C/min to 210 °C for 20 minutes. Hydrogen with a flow rate of 60 mL/min was used as the carrier gas. Results and conclusions: Photoactivity of immobilized titanium dioxide in the degradation of lindane was measured as a percentage of lindane’s degradation compared to its initial concentration. The obtained results demonstrated that after two hours 45.32 % of lindane was degraded, while after twelve hours the percentage of degradation increased to 98.20 %. In this study we proved that the immobilized titanium dioxide can be used as a productive and fast photocatalyst for lindane photodegradation.",
publisher = "Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society",
journal = "Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry",
title = "Photoactivity of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) in Lindane Degradation",
pages = "152-152",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4925"
}

Šolević Knudsen, T., Ilić, M., Došen, O., Milić, J., Avdalović, J., Dević, G.,& Radić, N.. (2021). Photoactivity of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) in Lindane Degradation. in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry
Belgrade : Serbian Chemical Society., 152-152.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4925

Šolević Knudsen T, Ilić M, Došen O, Milić J, Avdalović J, Dević G, Radić N. Photoactivity of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) in Lindane Degradation. in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry. 2021;:152-152.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4925 .

Šolević Knudsen, T., Ilić, M., Došen, O., Milić, Jelena, Avdalović, J., Dević, G., Radić, N., "Photoactivity of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) in Lindane Degradation" in Book of Abstracts 21st; European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry (2021):152-152,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_4925 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Beškoski, Vladimir
AU  - Miletić, Srđan B.
AU  - Ilić, Mila V.
AU  - Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.
AU  - Papić, Petar
AU  - Marić, Nenad
AU  - Šolević-Knudsen, T.
AU  - Jovančićević, Branimir
AU  - Nakano, Takeshi
AU  - Vrvić, Miroslav M.
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3045
AB  - The objective of this study was to stimulate microbial biodegradation of petroleum pollution in groundwater and to analyze changes in the abundance and distribution of organic compounds detectable in petroleum. Bioremediation was conducted in a closed bipolar system, by bioaugmentation with consortia of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (HD) and biostimulation with nutrients. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC X GC-MS) was used to visualize all fractions simultaneously. During the study, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater decreased by 92.7% of the initial level, and the average rate of biodegradation was 0.1 mg/L per day. Increased numbers of HD were observed and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Micromonospora. In the first 30 days of bioremediation, there was no significant biodegradation of n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers - isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane, and polycyclic-saturated hydrocarbons such as terpanes and steranes. However, after 60 days of bioremediation, more than 95% of n-alkanes, terpanes and steranes were biodegraded. Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. However, their decomposition had clearly commenced after just 30 days. This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons.
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Clean - Soil, Air, Water
T1  - Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater
VL  - 45
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.1002/clen.201600023
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Beškoski, Vladimir and Miletić, Srđan B. and Ilić, Mila V. and Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D. and Papić, Petar and Marić, Nenad and Šolević-Knudsen, T. and Jovančićević, Branimir and Nakano, Takeshi and Vrvić, Miroslav M.",
year = "2017",
abstract = "The objective of this study was to stimulate microbial biodegradation of petroleum pollution in groundwater and to analyze changes in the abundance and distribution of organic compounds detectable in petroleum. Bioremediation was conducted in a closed bipolar system, by bioaugmentation with consortia of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (HD) and biostimulation with nutrients. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC X GC-MS) was used to visualize all fractions simultaneously. During the study, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater decreased by 92.7% of the initial level, and the average rate of biodegradation was 0.1 mg/L per day. Increased numbers of HD were observed and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Micromonospora. In the first 30 days of bioremediation, there was no significant biodegradation of n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers - isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane, and polycyclic-saturated hydrocarbons such as terpanes and steranes. However, after 60 days of bioremediation, more than 95% of n-alkanes, terpanes and steranes were biodegraded. Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. However, their decomposition had clearly commenced after just 30 days. This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons.",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Clean - Soil, Air, Water",
title = "Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater",
volume = "45",
number = "2",
doi = "10.1002/clen.201600023"
}

Beškoski, V., Miletić, S. B., Ilić, M. V., Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D., Papić, P., Marić, N., Šolević-Knudsen, T., Jovančićević, B., Nakano, T.,& Vrvić, M. M.. (2017). Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater. in Clean - Soil, Air, Water
Wiley, Hoboken., 45(2).
https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600023

Beškoski V, Miletić SB, Ilić MV, Gojgić-Cvijović GD, Papić P, Marić N, Šolević-Knudsen T, Jovančićević B, Nakano T, Vrvić MM. Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater. in Clean - Soil, Air, Water. 2017;45(2).
doi:10.1002/clen.201600023 .

Beškoski, Vladimir, Miletić, Srđan B., Ilić, Mila V., Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D., Papić, Petar, Marić, Nenad, Šolević-Knudsen, T., Jovančićević, Branimir, Nakano, Takeshi, Vrvić, Miroslav M., "Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater" in Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 45, no. 2 (2017),
https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600023 . .