Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

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Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Authors

Publications

Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater

Beškoski, Vladimir; Miletić, Srđan B.; Ilić, Mila V.; Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.; Papić, Petar; Marić, Nenad; Šolević-Knudsen, T.; Jovančićević, Branimir; Nakano, Takeshi; Vrvić, Miroslav M.

(Wiley, Hoboken, 2017)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Beškoski, Vladimir
AU  - Miletić, Srđan B.
AU  - Ilić, Mila V.
AU  - Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.
AU  - Papić, Petar
AU  - Marić, Nenad
AU  - Šolević-Knudsen, T.
AU  - Jovančićević, Branimir
AU  - Nakano, Takeshi
AU  - Vrvić, Miroslav M.
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3045
AB  - The objective of this study was to stimulate microbial biodegradation of petroleum pollution in groundwater and to analyze changes in the abundance and distribution of organic compounds detectable in petroleum. Bioremediation was conducted in a closed bipolar system, by bioaugmentation with consortia of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (HD) and biostimulation with nutrients. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC X GC-MS) was used to visualize all fractions simultaneously. During the study, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater decreased by 92.7% of the initial level, and the average rate of biodegradation was 0.1 mg/L per day. Increased numbers of HD were observed and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Micromonospora. In the first 30 days of bioremediation, there was no significant biodegradation of n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers - isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane, and polycyclic-saturated hydrocarbons such as terpanes and steranes. However, after 60 days of bioremediation, more than 95% of n-alkanes, terpanes and steranes were biodegraded. Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. However, their decomposition had clearly commenced after just 30 days. This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons.
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - Clean - Soil, Air, Water
T1  - Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater
VL  - 45
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.1002/clen.201600023
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Beškoski, Vladimir and Miletić, Srđan B. and Ilić, Mila V. and Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D. and Papić, Petar and Marić, Nenad and Šolević-Knudsen, T. and Jovančićević, Branimir and Nakano, Takeshi and Vrvić, Miroslav M.",
year = "2017",
abstract = "The objective of this study was to stimulate microbial biodegradation of petroleum pollution in groundwater and to analyze changes in the abundance and distribution of organic compounds detectable in petroleum. Bioremediation was conducted in a closed bipolar system, by bioaugmentation with consortia of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (HD) and biostimulation with nutrients. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC X GC-MS) was used to visualize all fractions simultaneously. During the study, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater decreased by 92.7% of the initial level, and the average rate of biodegradation was 0.1 mg/L per day. Increased numbers of HD were observed and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Micromonospora. In the first 30 days of bioremediation, there was no significant biodegradation of n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers - isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane, and polycyclic-saturated hydrocarbons such as terpanes and steranes. However, after 60 days of bioremediation, more than 95% of n-alkanes, terpanes and steranes were biodegraded. Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. However, their decomposition had clearly commenced after just 30 days. This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons.",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "Clean - Soil, Air, Water",
title = "Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater",
volume = "45",
number = "2",
doi = "10.1002/clen.201600023"
}
Beškoski, V., Miletić, S. B., Ilić, M. V., Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D., Papić, P., Marić, N., Šolević-Knudsen, T., Jovančićević, B., Nakano, T.,& Vrvić, M. M.. (2017). Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater. in Clean - Soil, Air, Water
Wiley, Hoboken., 45(2).
https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600023
Beškoski V, Miletić SB, Ilić MV, Gojgić-Cvijović GD, Papić P, Marić N, Šolević-Knudsen T, Jovančićević B, Nakano T, Vrvić MM. Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater. in Clean - Soil, Air, Water. 2017;45(2).
doi:10.1002/clen.201600023 .
Beškoski, Vladimir, Miletić, Srđan B., Ilić, Mila V., Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D., Papić, Petar, Marić, Nenad, Šolević-Knudsen, T., Jovančićević, Branimir, Nakano, Takeshi, Vrvić, Miroslav M., "Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater" in Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 45, no. 2 (2017),
https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600023 . .
1
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Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater

Beškoski, Vladimir; Miletić, Srđan B.; Ilić, Mila V.; Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.; Papić, Petar; Marić, Nenad; Šolević-Knudsen, Tatjana; Jovančićević, Branimir; Nakano, Takeshi; Vrvić, Miroslav M.

(Wiley, Hoboken, 2017)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Beškoski, Vladimir
AU  - Miletić, Srđan B.
AU  - Ilić, Mila V.
AU  - Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.
AU  - Papić, Petar
AU  - Marić, Nenad
AU  - Šolević-Knudsen, Tatjana
AU  - Jovančićević, Branimir
AU  - Nakano, Takeshi
AU  - Vrvić, Miroslav M.
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2436
AB  - The objective of this study was to stimulate microbial biodegradation of petroleum pollution in groundwater and to analyze changes in the abundance and distribution of organic compounds detectable in petroleum. Bioremediation was conducted in a closed bipolar system, by bioaugmentation with consortia of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (HD) and biostimulation with nutrients. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC X GC-MS) was used to visualize all fractions simultaneously. During the study, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater decreased by 92.7% of the initial level, and the average rate of biodegradation was 0.1 mg/L per day. Increased numbers of HD were observed and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Micromonospora. In the first 30 days of bioremediation, there was no significant biodegradation of n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers - isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane, and polycyclic-saturated hydrocarbons such as terpanes and steranes. However, after 60 days of bioremediation, more than 95% of n-alkanes, terpanes and steranes were biodegraded. Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. However, their decomposition had clearly commenced after just 30 days. This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons.
PB  - Wiley, Hoboken
T2  - CLEAN - Soil Air Water
T1  - Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater
VL  - 45
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.1002/clen.201600023
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Beškoski, Vladimir and Miletić, Srđan B. and Ilić, Mila V. and Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D. and Papić, Petar and Marić, Nenad and Šolević-Knudsen, Tatjana and Jovančićević, Branimir and Nakano, Takeshi and Vrvić, Miroslav M.",
year = "2017",
abstract = "The objective of this study was to stimulate microbial biodegradation of petroleum pollution in groundwater and to analyze changes in the abundance and distribution of organic compounds detectable in petroleum. Bioremediation was conducted in a closed bipolar system, by bioaugmentation with consortia of hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (HD) and biostimulation with nutrients. Comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC X GC-MS) was used to visualize all fractions simultaneously. During the study, the content of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in groundwater decreased by 92.7% of the initial level, and the average rate of biodegradation was 0.1 mg/L per day. Increased numbers of HD were observed and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Micromonospora. In the first 30 days of bioremediation, there was no significant biodegradation of n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers - isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane, and polycyclic-saturated hydrocarbons such as terpanes and steranes. However, after 60 days of bioremediation, more than 95% of n-alkanes, terpanes and steranes were biodegraded. Phenanthrene and its methyl-,dimethyl-, and trimethyl-isomers were biodegraded and reduced by more than 99% of their initial levels. However, their decomposition had clearly commenced after just 30 days. This is a somewhat surprising result since it follows that the phenanthrenes were more susceptible to biodegradation than the n-alkanes and isoprenoids. Depending on the microbial community used for bioaugmentation, biodegradation of phenanthrene can precede biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons.",
publisher = "Wiley, Hoboken",
journal = "CLEAN - Soil Air Water",
title = "Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater",
volume = "45",
number = "2",
doi = "10.1002/clen.201600023"
}
Beškoski, V., Miletić, S. B., Ilić, M. V., Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D., Papić, P., Marić, N., Šolević-Knudsen, T., Jovančićević, B., Nakano, T.,& Vrvić, M. M.. (2017). Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater. in CLEAN - Soil Air Water
Wiley, Hoboken., 45(2).
https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600023
Beškoski V, Miletić SB, Ilić MV, Gojgić-Cvijović GD, Papić P, Marić N, Šolević-Knudsen T, Jovančićević B, Nakano T, Vrvić MM. Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater. in CLEAN - Soil Air Water. 2017;45(2).
doi:10.1002/clen.201600023 .
Beškoski, Vladimir, Miletić, Srđan B., Ilić, Mila V., Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D., Papić, Petar, Marić, Nenad, Šolević-Knudsen, Tatjana, Jovančićević, Branimir, Nakano, Takeshi, Vrvić, Miroslav M., "Biodegradation of Isoprenoids, Steranes, Terpanes, and Phenanthrenes During In Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Groundwater" in CLEAN - Soil Air Water, 45, no. 2 (2017),
https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600023 . .
1
11
9
13
9

Brachybacterium sp CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan

Djurić, Aleksandra; Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.; Jakovljević, Dragica M.; Kekez, Branka; Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R.; Mattinen, Maija-Liisa; Harju, Inka Elina; Vrvić, Miroslav M.; Beškoski, Vladimir

(Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam, 2017)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Djurić, Aleksandra
AU  - Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.
AU  - Jakovljević, Dragica M.
AU  - Kekez, Branka
AU  - Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R.
AU  - Mattinen, Maija-Liisa
AU  - Harju, Inka Elina
AU  - Vrvić, Miroslav M.
AU  - Beškoski, Vladimir
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2538
AB  - Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500 g/L, of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC MS analysis confirmed that the residues were D-fructofuranosyl residues with beta-configuration, where fructose units are linked by beta-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with beta-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PB  - Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam
T2  - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
T1  - Brachybacterium sp CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan
VL  - 104
SP  - 311
EP  - 321
DO  - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Djurić, Aleksandra and Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D. and Jakovljević, Dragica M. and Kekez, Branka and Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R. and Mattinen, Maija-Liisa and Harju, Inka Elina and Vrvić, Miroslav M. and Beškoski, Vladimir",
year = "2017",
abstract = "Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500 g/L, of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC MS analysis confirmed that the residues were D-fructofuranosyl residues with beta-configuration, where fructose units are linked by beta-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with beta-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam",
journal = "International Journal of Biological Macromolecules",
title = "Brachybacterium sp CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan",
volume = "104",
pages = "311-321",
doi = "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034"
}
Djurić, A., Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D., Jakovljević, D. M., Kekez, B., Stefanović Kojić, J. R., Mattinen, M., Harju, I. E., Vrvić, M. M.,& Beškoski, V.. (2017). Brachybacterium sp CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan. in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam., 104, 311-321.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
Djurić A, Gojgić-Cvijović GD, Jakovljević DM, Kekez B, Stefanović Kojić JR, Mattinen M, Harju IE, Vrvić MM, Beškoski V. Brachybacterium sp CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan. in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017;104:311-321.
doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034 .
Djurić, Aleksandra, Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D., Jakovljević, Dragica M., Kekez, Branka, Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R., Mattinen, Maija-Liisa, Harju, Inka Elina, Vrvić, Miroslav M., Beškoski, Vladimir, "Brachybacterium sp CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment-a new producer of levan" in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 104 (2017):311-321,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034 . .
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Supplementary data for article: Djuric, A.; Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D.; Jakovljević, D. M.; Kekez, B.; Kojic, J. S.; Mattinen, M.-L.; Harju, I. E.; Vrvic, M. M.; Beškoski, V. Brachybacterium Sp CH-KOV3 Isolated from an Oil-Polluted Environment-a New Producer of Levan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017, 104, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034

Djurić, Aleksandra; Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.; Jakovljević, Dragica M.; Kekez, Branka; Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R.; Mattinen, Maija-Liisa; Harju, Inka Elina; Vrvić, Miroslav M.; Beškoski, Vladimir

(Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam, 2017)

TY  - DATA
AU  - Djurić, Aleksandra
AU  - Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D.
AU  - Jakovljević, Dragica M.
AU  - Kekez, Branka
AU  - Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R.
AU  - Mattinen, Maija-Liisa
AU  - Harju, Inka Elina
AU  - Vrvić, Miroslav M.
AU  - Beškoski, Vladimir
PY  - 2017
UR  - https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2965
PB  - Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam
T2  - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
T1  - Supplementary data for article: Djuric, A.; Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D.; Jakovljević, D. M.; Kekez, B.; Kojic, J. S.; Mattinen, M.-L.; Harju, I. E.; Vrvic, M. M.; Beškoski, V. Brachybacterium Sp CH-KOV3 Isolated from an Oil-Polluted Environment-a New Producer of Levan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017, 104, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_2965
ER  - 
@misc{
author = "Djurić, Aleksandra and Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D. and Jakovljević, Dragica M. and Kekez, Branka and Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R. and Mattinen, Maija-Liisa and Harju, Inka Elina and Vrvić, Miroslav M. and Beškoski, Vladimir",
year = "2017",
publisher = "Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam",
journal = "International Journal of Biological Macromolecules",
title = "Supplementary data for article: Djuric, A.; Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D.; Jakovljević, D. M.; Kekez, B.; Kojic, J. S.; Mattinen, M.-L.; Harju, I. E.; Vrvic, M. M.; Beškoski, V. Brachybacterium Sp CH-KOV3 Isolated from an Oil-Polluted Environment-a New Producer of Levan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017, 104, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_2965"
}
Djurić, A., Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D., Jakovljević, D. M., Kekez, B., Stefanović Kojić, J. R., Mattinen, M., Harju, I. E., Vrvić, M. M.,& Beškoski, V.. (2017). Supplementary data for article: Djuric, A.; Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D.; Jakovljević, D. M.; Kekez, B.; Kojic, J. S.; Mattinen, M.-L.; Harju, I. E.; Vrvic, M. M.; Beškoski, V. Brachybacterium Sp CH-KOV3 Isolated from an Oil-Polluted Environment-a New Producer of Levan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017, 104, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034. in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Elsevier Science Bv, Amsterdam..
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_2965
Djurić A, Gojgić-Cvijović GD, Jakovljević DM, Kekez B, Stefanović Kojić JR, Mattinen M, Harju IE, Vrvić MM, Beškoski V. Supplementary data for article: Djuric, A.; Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D.; Jakovljević, D. M.; Kekez, B.; Kojic, J. S.; Mattinen, M.-L.; Harju, I. E.; Vrvic, M. M.; Beškoski, V. Brachybacterium Sp CH-KOV3 Isolated from an Oil-Polluted Environment-a New Producer of Levan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017, 104, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034. in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2017;.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_2965 .
Djurić, Aleksandra, Gojgić-Cvijović, Gordana D., Jakovljević, Dragica M., Kekez, Branka, Stefanović Kojić, Jovana R., Mattinen, Maija-Liisa, Harju, Inka Elina, Vrvić, Miroslav M., Beškoski, Vladimir, "Supplementary data for article: Djuric, A.; Gojgić-Cvijović, G. D.; Jakovljević, D. M.; Kekez, B.; Kojic, J. S.; Mattinen, M.-L.; Harju, I. E.; Vrvic, M. M.; Beškoski, V. Brachybacterium Sp CH-KOV3 Isolated from an Oil-Polluted Environment-a New Producer of Levan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2017, 104, 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.034" in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2017),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_cherry_2965 .